The inhabitants of the provinces paid taxes to the state Treasury of Rome. The provinces were at different levels of economic, social and cultural development, their inhabitants worshipped different gods and spoke different languages. In the Eastern provinces the majority of the population spoke Greek, in Egypt the ancient Egyptian (which gradually developed into Coptic) language was also preserved, and in Syria and Palestine one of the Semitic languages – Aramaic-was spoken.

To manage this vast territory was difficult: the real power until the second half of I century BC in the Roman Republic were concentrated in the hands of a small group of Roman nobility from which elected officials (sometimes with bribes) and which after a lifetime seat in the Senate, the most important governing body in Rome.

In essence, it was an oligarchy, within which there was a struggle for influence, for a profitable Viceroyalty, etc.During the elections to the bodies of state power, it often came to bloody clashes between supporters of different candidates, so that sometimes the elections could not take place. In this political chaos in the first century BC. e. began already real battles between the generals who sought to seize sole power in Rome. This time went down in history as a period of civil wars.

In the second half of the first century. one of the generals, Gaius Julius Caesar, defeated his opponents, for several years became the sole ruler of Rome. However, his reign was short-lived: in 44 BC, a group of senators seeking to restore the Republic, made a plot, which resulted in Caesar was killed. The conspirators hoped that the citizens of Rome would support them, but the Roman nobility, who sought to regain full control of the state, had no serious support. No matter how strong the traditions of the Republican system were in Rome, the Senate oligarchy was less and less associated in the minds of citizens with the Republic – “public business”.